The Coal Tit (Periparus ater) is a small member of the tit family found across Japan, inhabiting both coniferous and mixed forests from mountains to lowlands. Measuring about 11 cm in length and weighing only 8–10 g, it is a remarkably tiny bird. Its black head with white cheeks, grayish-brown back, and the distinctive white patch on the nape serve as clear identification marks.
Although primarily resident throughout the year, in colder regions it may shift its range slightly in winter, descending to lower elevations. Coal Tits are often observed forming small flocks, sometimes joining mixed groups with other tit species.
Their diet consists mainly of insects and spiders, especially during the breeding season. From autumn to winter, they feed extensively on tree seeds, deftly moving about twigs and branches in search of food. They are also known for food-caching behavior, hiding seeds in crevices of bark or moss to retrieve later.
The breeding season lasts from spring to summer. Nests are typically built in tree cavities, rock crevices, or abandoned holes, lined with moss and animal hair. The female incubates the eggs and tends to the young, while the male assists by feeding and supporting the chicks’ growth.
Its calls are high-pitched and clear, often described as “tsupi-tsupi” or “pichu-pichu.” During spring and summer, its song resonates throughout the forest. Quick in movement and diminutive in size, the Coal Tit nonetheless leaves a strong impression, embodying the charm of the woodland’s smaller birds.